马诗二十三首·其四
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唐代]：李贺
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向前敲瘦骨，犹自带铜声。
马诗二十三首·其四鉴赏
首句开门见山，直言本意，肯定并且强调诗歌所表现的是一匹非同寻常的好马。起句平直，实在没有多少诗味。
次句“房星本是星”，乍看起来像是重复第一句的意思。“房星”指马，句谓房星原是天上的星宿，也就是说这匹马本不是尘世间的凡物。如果这句的含义仅限于此，与首句几乎一模一样，那就犯了重沓的毛病。诗只四句，首句平平，次句又作了一次重复，那么这首诗就有一半索然无味，没有价值。但如细细咀嚼，便会发现第二句别有新意，只是意在言外，比较隐晦曲折。《晋书·天文志》中有这样一段话：“房四星，亦曰天驷，为天马，主车驾。房星明，则王者明。”它把“房星”和“王者”直接联系起来，就是说马的处境如何与王者的明暗、国家的治乱息息相关。既然马的素质好遭遇不好，那么，王者不明，政事不理的状况就不言可喻了。这是一种“渗透法”，通过曲折引申，使它所表达的实际意义远远超过字面的含义。
三、四句写马的形态和素质。如果说前二句主要是判断和推理，缺乏鲜明生动的形象，那么，后二句恰恰相反，它们绘声绘影，完全借助形象表情达意。李贺写诗，善于捕捉形象，“状难见之景如在目前”，这两句就是突出的例子。“瘦骨”写形，表现马的处境；“铜声”写质，反映马的素质。这匹马瘦骨嶙嶙，说明境遇不好。在常人的眼里，它不过是匹筋疲力尽的凡马，只有真正爱马并且善于相马的人，才不把它当作凡马看待。“向前敲瘦骨，犹自带铜声。”尽管它境遇恶劣，被折腾得不成样子，却仍然骨带铜声。“铜声”二字，读来浑厚凝重，有立体感。它所包含的意思也很丰富：铜声悦耳，表明器质精良，从而生动地显示了这匹马骨力坚劲的美好素质，使内在的东西外现为可闻、可见、可感、可知的物象。“素质”原很抽象，“声音”也比较难于捉摸，它们都是“虚”的东西。以虚写虚，而又要化虚为实，的确很不容易，而诗人只用了短短五个字就做到了，形象化技法之高妙，可说已达到炉火纯青的程度。尤其可贵的是，诗歌通过写马，创造出物我两契的深远意境。诗人怀才不遇，景况凄凉，恰似这匹瘦马。他写马，不过是婉曲地表达出郁积心中的怨愤之情。
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李贺《
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马诗二十三首·其一》
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李贺《
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马诗二十三首·其九》
李贺简介
唐代·李贺的简介
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李贺（约公元791年-约817年），字长吉，汉族，唐代河南福昌（今河南洛阳宜阳县）人，家居福昌昌谷，后世称李昌谷，是唐宗室郑王李亮后裔。有“诗鬼”之称，是与“诗圣”杜甫、“诗仙”李白、“诗佛”王维相齐名的唐代著名诗人。著有《昌谷集》。李贺是中唐的浪漫主义诗人，与李白、李商隐称为唐代三李。有“‘太白仙才，长吉鬼才’之说。李贺是继屈原、李白之后，中国文学史上又一位颇享盛誉的浪漫主义诗人。李贺长期的抑郁感伤，焦思苦吟的生活方式，元和八年（813年）因病辞去奉礼郎回昌谷，27岁英年早逝。
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